sirri island is one of the most important islands in iran where contains massive amounts of crude oil reservoirs and is a crude oil exporting and storage spot. petroleum sludge wastes produced by the refineries are deposited in outdoor 2-ha open pits. 30 sludge samples from different depot locations were conducted in 3-time intervals and mixed with each other to form one homogenized sample. the...

Uranium is a regulated contaminant (maximum level [MCL] 30 μg/L) that contributes to the gross alpha activity of groundwater. The adjusted (MCL 15 pCi/L) determined by subtracting total uranium from measured activity. U.S. water utilities can use mass-based and radiochemical analysis methods for compliance monitoring uranium. Mass-based measurements conversion factor 0.67 pCi/μg calculate This ...

rinking water utilities face the challenge of addressing emerging water quality concerns to ensure adequate protection of public health, sometimes without final federal or state drinking water regulations. Total chromium, i.e., trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] plus hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], has been regulated by national drinking water regulations since 1975. The federal regulatory maximum cont...

According to a 1999 study by the National Academy of Sciences, arsenic in drinking water can cause several types of cancer, harm the central and peripheral nervous systems, cause serious skin problems, cause birth defects and reproductive problems. The USEPA published a Final Arsenic Rule in the Federal Register that established a revised Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for Arsenic of 10μg/L (U...

A U.S. government health agency conducted epidemiological studies to evaluate whether exposures to drinking water contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOC) at U.S. Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, were associated with increased health risks to children and adults. These health studies required knowledge of contaminant concentrations in drinking water-at monthly intervals...

Increases in corn cultivation for biofuels production, due to the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, are likely to lead to increases in nitrate concentrations in both surface and groundwater resources in the United States. These increases might trigger the requirement for additional energy consumption for water treatment to remove the nitrates. While these increasing concentrations o...

State law requires the adoption of a maximum contaminant level (MCL) for PFAS contamination in drinking water by June 1, 2024. While discussion mitigation options has included degree risk reduction and cost treatment, indirect environmental effects are missing from conversation. Until other technologies developed, treatment Maine will likely rely on established, energy-intensive method adsorpti...

The effectiveness of aquifer remediation is typically expressed in terms of a reduction in contaminant concentrations relative to a regulated maximum contaminant level (MCL), and is usually confined by sparse monitoring data arrd/or simple model calculations. Here, the effectiveness of remediation is examined from a risk-based perspective that goes beyond the traditional MCL concept. A methodol...

Usage of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)-glycine] and glufosinate [2-amino-4-(hydroxy-methylphosphinyl)butanoic acid] may reduce the environmental impact of agriculture because they are more strongly sorbed to soil and may be less toxic than many of the residual herbicides they replace. Preferential flow complicates the picture, because due to this process, even strongly sorbed chemicals can mo...